Building a Bird: Musculoskeletal Modeling and Simulation of Wing-Assisted Incline Running During Avian Ontogeny

Introduction Darwin described “survival of the fittest,” illustrating how organisms with certain forms might better perform certain functions and have greater fitness, such that form and function are closely linked (Darwin, 1859). Geneticists are exploring “arrival of the fittest”: how novel phenotypes are added to the pool of individuals that encounter selective forces (Gilbert and […]